BPSC CCE Mains Answer Writing

Introduction

LWE-affected districts fell from 126 in 2014 to zero by the March 2026 target.

Why peace held

• Coordinated security operations and surrenders (2,337 in 2025)
• Roads (15,189 km) and 9,497 mobile towers
• Banks, post offices and EMRS

Risks

• Land and forest-rights grievances
• Weak service delivery and possible regrouping

Bihar angle

• Gaya, Aurangabad and Jamui were once LWE hotspots; keep road and school investment going there

Way forward

• Implement PESA and FRA fully
• Local recruitment and skilling
• Steady civil administration in place of camps

• PIB: 126 LWE districts (2014) → 0 (2026)
• National Policy and Action Plan, 2015
• PESA 1996; Forest Rights Act 2006
• 259 EMRS sanctioned in LWE areas

Introduction

In 1947 over 560 princely states, covering about 40% of territory, could legally choose independence. As Home Minister heading the States Department, Patel, with V.P. Menon, brought them into the Union.

Methods

• Instrument of Accession limited to defence, external affairs and communications
• Privy purses and titles as incentives
• Persuasion backed by firmness: Junagadh plebiscite (1948), Operation Polo in Hyderabad (1948)
• Merger of small states into unions such as Saurashtra and Rajasthan

Wider legacy

• All India Services as a 'steel frame' linking Centre and States
• Chairing the Constituent Assembly's committees on Fundamental Rights and Minorities

Relevance today

• Cooperative federalism and dialogue on regional aspirations
• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat for cultural bonding
• Ending LWE through security plus development

Bihar angle

• Bihar plans a towering Patel statue; Rajendra Prasad of Bihar presided over the Constituent Assembly alongside Patel's committee work

Conclusion

Patel's mix of pragmatism and resolve remains a model for managing diversity within a strong Union.

• V.P. Menon, 'The Story of the Integration of the Indian States'
• Operation Polo (Sept 1948)
• Article 312 (All India Services)
• Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (2015)

Introduction

The Suresh N. Patel committee (six months) will chart banking for Viksit Bharat.

Need

• Large long-term capital needs of infrastructure
• Weak governance in RRBs and cooperative banks
• AI and cyber risks
• Outdated PSL and Lead Bank Scheme

Concerns

• Past reports implemented only partly
• Ownership reform is sensitive

Bihar angle

• Bihar's low credit-deposit ratio makes PSL and Lead Bank reform vital for the State

Way forward

• Time-bound action plan
• Stronger RBI oversight of cooperatives
• Bigger DFI role

• Narasimham Committees (1991, 1998)
• P.J. Nayak Committee (2014)
• NaBFID Act, 2021
• Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020 for cooperative banks

Introduction

GSLV-F18 placed NVS-03, the third second-generation NavIC satellite, in GTO. It carries an indigenous atomic clock and adds the L1 signal.

Strategic significance

• Freedom from foreign systems that can be denied in a conflict, as in Kargil (1999)
• Precise timing for missiles, drones and secure communication
• Regional coverage up to 1,500 km beyond India's borders

Economic and civilian uses

• L1 compatibility lets smartphones use NavIC
• Fishing alerts, disaster warning, fleet tracking and surveying
• Timing for power grids, banking and telecom

Challenges

• Earlier clock failures left too few working satellites
• Few chipsets support NavIC

Way forward

• Replenish the constellation on time
• Mandate NavIC in devices
• Encourage private launch and chip makers

Bihar angle

• NavIC-based flood alerts and boat tracking can help Kosi and Gandak flood management

Conclusion

An indigenous clock moves India closer to full autonomy in positioning, navigation and timing.

• GSLV-F18: 20th GSLV flight
• NVS-01 (2023), NVS-02 (2025), NVS-03 (2026)
• Coverage: India + 1,500 km
• Indian Space Policy 2023

Introduction

India is hosting the maiden BIMSTEC Maritime Security Exercise at Sri Vijaya Puram, led by the Andaman and Nicobar Command.

Significance

• Joint response to piracy, smuggling and illegal fishing
• Faster disaster relief in a cyclone-prone bay
• Backs India's MAHASAGAR vision and Act East
• Gives BIMSTEC a security pillar

Challenges

• Unequal naval capacity
• Myanmar's instability

Bihar angle

• Bay of Bengal connectivity via Kolkata–Haldia ports and Ganga waterway (NW-1 through Patna) benefits Bihar's trade

Way forward

• Make the exercise annual
• Share maritime information

• BIMSTEC Charter in force (2024)
• Bangkok Declaration, 1997
• IFC-IOR, Gurugram (2018)
• ANC raised in 2001

Introduction

At the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Atlanta on 30–31 October 2026, India raised UNCLOS-based freedom of navigation and the costs that conflicts impose on the Global South.

India as a bridge

• Its 2023 Presidency brought the African Union in as a permanent member
• Voice of the Global South Summits shaped G20 agenda
• Digital public infrastructure (UPI, Aadhaar) offered as a global public good
• Ties with the US through the Quad and with BRICS and the SCO

Limits

• G20 consensus weakened by geopolitical rivalry
• Debt relief under the Common Framework remains slow
• Tension between strategic autonomy and alliances

Way forward

• Press for MDB reform and climate finance
• Protect supply chains and sea lanes
• Keep the G20 economic, not a security bloc

Bihar angle

• Bihar's migrant workers in West Asia are directly hit by conflict-driven disruptions India highlighted

Conclusion

India's multi-alignment lets it convert Global South concerns into G20 outcomes.

• New Delhi Leaders' Declaration (2023)
• G20 Common Framework for debt
• UNCLOS 1982
• Voice of Global South Summits (2023–24)

Introduction

Manisha Bhanwala became India's first woman world wrestling champion at Astana in 2026.

Barriers

• Patriarchal norms and early marriage
• Few women coaches and safe facilities
• Harassment and weak grievance systems
• Low pay and media coverage

Measures

• Khelo India and TOPS for women
• Safeguarding policy and POSH in federations
• Women coaches and hostels

Bihar angle

• Bihar's 'Medal Lao, Naukri Pao' policy and new sports university at Rajgir can widen women's participation

Conclusion

Haryana's rise shows that support changes norms.

• Khelo India Women's League
• TOPS (2014)
• National Sports Governance Act, 2025
• POSH Act, 2013

Introduction

The Nashik–Trimbakeshwar Simhastha began with the Dharma Dhwaja hoisting on 31 October 2026. Stampedes at Nashik (2003) and at the Prayagraj Maha Kumbh (2025) show the stakes.

Challenges

• Huge surges on auspicious bathing days
• Narrow ghats and choke points
• VIP movement disrupting flow
• Rumours spreading panic
• Weak coordination among agencies

Framework

• Follow NDMA's 2014 guidelines on crowd management
• Carrying-capacity studies and one-way routes
• AI cameras, drones and real-time density maps
• Staggered bathing slots and holding areas
• Trained volunteers and clear public announcements
• One incident command system for all agencies

Bihar angle

• Chhath ghats in Patna and the Pitripaksha Mela at Gaya need the same crowd-safety planning

Conclusion

Technology, planning and community volunteers together can make faith gatherings safe.

• NDMA Guidelines on Managing Crowds at Events (2014)
• Disaster Management Act, 2005
• Kumbh on UNESCO ICH list (2017)
• Nashik Simhastha stampede (2003)

Introduction

World Cities Day (31 October) highlights SDG 11.

Challenges

• Slums and housing shortage
• Floods, heat and air pollution
• Weak finances of urban local bodies
• Poor transport

Measures

• Empower ULBs under the 74th Amendment
• AMRUT 2.0, PMAY-U 2.0
• Metro and electric buses
• Climate-resilient master plans

Bihar angle

• Bihar is among India's least urbanised States; Patna Metro and planned satellite towns are key

Conclusion

Local empowerment is key.

• 74th Amendment Act, 1992
• AMRUT 2.0 (2021)
• PMAY-Urban 2.0 (2024)
• SDG 11

Introduction

Addressing the first IAS batch in April 1947, Patel asked officers to serve with integrity and an independent mind. In the Constituent Assembly he defended the All India Services as essential to unity.

Values Patel stressed

• Integrity and incorruptibility
• Political neutrality and impartiality
• Courage to give frank advice
• Esprit de corps and national outlook
• Service to the common citizen

Relevance today

• Civil Services Day (21 April) recalls his 1947 address
• Mission Karmayogi builds a citizen-centric civil service
• Ending LWE needed honest, present field administration
• Rising pressures of politicisation and transfers test neutrality

Bihar angle

• Bihar's Right to Public Services Act (2011) puts Patel's citizen-service ideal into law

Conclusion

Patel's steel frame needs a moral core: integrity, empathy and courage.

• Patel's address to IAS probationers, 21 April 1947
• Civil Services Day: 21 April
• 2nd ARC Report on Ethics in Governance (2007)
• Mission Karmayogi (2020)